A research study done by Toru Ishikawa, in Tokyo showed that students who used a GPS navigation device “traveled longer distances and made more stops during the walk than map users and direct-experience participants. Also, GPS users traveled more slowly, made larger direction errors, drew sketch maps with poorer topological accuracy, and rated wayfinding tasks as more difficult than direct-experience participants.”
I’d be interested to see what kind of hardware they were using.
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